History and Overview of the University of Cambridge

History and Overview of the University of Cambridge Introduction to the University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge is located in the city of Cambridge in East Anglia, UK. It is thought that the University was founded 1209 by a group of scholars which splintered away from Oxford following a fallout with Oxford locals. Cambridge University describes itself on its website as a ‘self-governed community of scholars’. The University of Cambridge is made up of 31 Colleges and a total exceeding 150 faculties, departments, schools and various other institutions. The University of Cambridge runs with a fairly small central administrative department, with sections built up of and mostly elected by staff from the Colleges and Faculties. Much of the daily administration of the University of Cambridge is taken care of by teaching and/or lecturing staff. The University of Cambridge describes its governmental structure as democratic. History of the University of Cambridge In its early days the University of Cambridge did not have its own premises and so it made use of parish churches such as Great St Mary’s and St Benedict’s to hosts its public ceremonies. Disputations, lodgings and lectures were held in private houses. Eventually a collective of Lawyers, theologians and Regent Masters began hiring and building larger premises in order to hold lectures and to house lodgers. Many of these properties were acquired in the sixteenth century as part of the Colleges themselves. During the late 1500s, the University of Cambridge began to buy up land in an area known as Senate-House Hill, upon which they built several buildings known as Schools. These are today referred to as the Old Schools. The first College was St Peter’s. It was founded by the Bishop of Ely, Hugh Balsam, in 1284. In 1317 King’s Hall was founded by Edward the second in order to school trainees for the higher Civil Service. Over the next hundred years, the University of Cambridge’s best-known colleges were founded; Clare, Corpus Christi, Gonville Hall, King’s, Michaelhouse, Pembroke, Queens, Trinity Hall and St Catharine’s. Three of the newer colleges, Christ’s, Jesus and St John’s, were formed when some of the smaller religious houses were dissolved. They were set up to provide for younger students in addition to postgradutates. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Colleges nominated the Proctors from amongst their own numbers, and their heads sat alongside the Vice-Chancellor and senior doctors on an advisory council, which came to be named the Caput Senatus. How the University of Cambridge works Research and teaching at the University of Cambridge is administered by several Faculties, and also a few Syndicates. Together, the Syndicates and the Faculties are responsible for every academic area within the University. Teaching and research in Cambridge is organised by a number of Faculties. In addition, a small number of bodies entitled Syndicates also have responsibilities for teaching and research, and exercise powers similar in effect to those of Faculty Boards. The Faculties and Syndicates cover the whole of the academic programme in the University, each being responsible for a broad subject area. There are six Schools in the University of Cambridge, each covering a range of departments and faculties. The six schools each reflect a grouping of subjects, which are as follows; Arts and Humanities, Biological Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Humanities and Social Sciences, Physical Sciences, and Technology. Every Faculty within the University of Cambridge is governed by a Faculty Board. The Faculty Boards carry responsibility for the upholding of standards in teaching, and the provision of research facilities. Each Faculty Board comprises five classes of membership: Professors and Heads of Departments residing within the Faculty, elected members (the teaching staff), junior members who are elected by the faculty’s students, co-opted members and representatives of cognate studies. Each Faculty’s Chairman and Secretary is elected by members of the boards. The Faculty Board, as well as other boards and syndicates answer to the General Board; other Boards and Syndicates are responsible either to the General Board or the Council. Three of the University of Cambridge’s 31 colleges Murray Edwards, Newnham and Lucy Cavendish are female-only; the remainder, the other 28 Colleges, are mixed. There are two colleges only for postgraduates, Clare Hall and Darwin. Hughes Hall, Lucy Cavendish, St Edmund’s and Wolfson. The remaining 25 Colleges admit both graduates and postgraduates. Oxford and Cambridge The University of Cambridge is the second oldest university in the English-speaking world. The oldest is the University of Oxford. Traditionally the two universities have a long-standing rivalry with each other. Jointly, the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge are often referred to as Oxbridge. Famous Alumni The University of Cambridge has been the place of study for many people who have become well-known in their particular fields, or simply well-known to the public. To date, Cambridge graduates have won a total of 82 Nobel Prizes, which is greater than any other university. Fifteen of Britain’s Prime Ministers have been graduates of Cambridge, including Robert Walpole. The University of Cambridge has also traditionally been the preferred University for the Royal Family, with graduates including Kings Edward VII and George VI, Prince Henry of Gloucester, Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh, and the Prince of Wales Prince Charles. His father, the Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip, holds the position of Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Famous Alumni include those known from television comedy programmes; Hugh Laurie (Jeeves and Wooster, Blackadder), Rob Newman (Newman and Baddiel, the Mary Whitehouse experience) and Clive Anderson (Whose Line is it Anyway) all attended Selwyn College. Sacha Baron Cohen, best known for his characters Borat and Ali G, attended Christ’s College. John Cleese of Monty Python fame attended Downing College. Peter Cook and Eric Idle (Monty Python) graduated from Pembroke, and Stephen Fry (Jeeves and Wooster, Blackadded) from Queen’s. There is a rich literary tradition amongst University of Cambridge graduates; William Wordsworth to Ted Hughes, Slyvia Plath to CS Lewis to John Milton were all graduates of the University of Cambridge. The full list is exhaustive, covering seminal figures in religion, politics, and science – including some of the greatest minds of past and modern times; Charles Darwin, amd Stephen Hawking.

Described by Dickens Essay

The extended metaphor at the end of the first chapter depicts the children as â€Å"vessels† or jars, to be filled to the top with facts until they are full. The metaphor portrays the children as inanimate objects, which shows the reader the arrogance of Gradgrind:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Vessels then and there arranged in order ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim.†Ã‚  Dickens describes them as if they are empty and know nothing. Therefore they have to learn facts whether they like it or not. The short sentences and repetition in the sentences of the opening of the second chapter aids the description of Gradgrind as it shows the reader there is no manipulating this man and what you see is what you get. He will never change his mind.  The extended metaphor,† a kind of cannon†¦away† shows the reader Gradgrind’s idea of how children should be properly educated. He believes that imaginations are â€Å"to be stormed away† and children should mature through facts. He is described like a cannon â€Å"loaded to the muzzle with facts† this shows the harshness of his character and the machine-like qualities he holds. Sissy Jupe is described by Dickens as â€Å"dark-eyed and dark-haired† her skin is tanned as Sissy has grown up with the circus she has an interesting background and a creative imagination; she is not just â€Å"filled with facts†. The colour of her eyes and hair reflects her traveller background. Whereas, Bitzer is described by Dickens as â€Å"light-eyed and light-haired.† His skin seems to be white, in contrast to Sissy’s tanned complexion. This description shows the harshness of the Victorian education system, on his appearance. The audience has no sympathy for the coldness of his character even though he is seen as â€Å"a model pupil from a model school† by Gradgrind, who has forced out any imagination Bitzer had and filled him with facts. His description of a horse compared to Sissy’s attempt shows the reader the machine-like almost robotic manner in which he is able to reel off facts: â€Å"Quadruped. Graminivorous.†Ã‚  His character is the opposite of Sissy. Gradgrind refers to her as a number, yet to Bitzer by name, as Sissy has only been at the school for a short time, but is referred to as â€Å"Girl number twenty† as she is new to the school her education is not as Gradgrind would like it to be, this in turn alienates her.  During the fifth chapter, we meet the characters Sissy and Bitzer again as their chase come to a halt when they bump into Gradgrind. After explaining why she was running, Gradgrind comments, as he cannot understand why Sissy should be run after: â€Å"‘Run after?’ repeated Mr Gradgrind. ‘Who would run after you?'†Ã‚  Gradgrind does not know Sissy, and sees her as an outcast. He does not see why she should be run after, and cannot understand why someone would want her. His question is answered when Bitzer enters in the next paragraph. He is described as â€Å"the colourless boy†. This creates lack of empathy in the reader towards Bitzer and how he has been manipulated by Gradgrind and the school. As Bitzer is running after Sissy, although described as without fancy (colourless), he still is a child as he was pulling faces to scare Sissy. Once escorted by Sissy to her home, we see Sissy’s fears of Gradgrind through the way she talks to him. She also seems embarrassed by the state of her home:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is it, sir, and – if you wouldn’t mind, sir – this is the house.†Ã‚  Sissy’s politeness to Gradgrind, as well as showing a well-mannered child also show how nervous she is around him, and the fear she has of him. Sissy is frightened of Gradgrind as she sees that as she is from a poor lifestyle, because of the shabbiness of her home, she will not be allowed to continue her studies, as those with a proper education will do better in the future. The audience empathises with Sissy because of this. In conclusion, Gradgrind has a stern manner and is very controlling of his pupils and his children because he is a very hard character he is â€Å"a man of realities.† Bitzer is a machine-like character; his white face reflects the coldness of his life with only facts in it. This contrasts to Sissy’s character, which is imaginative, because she lacks the proper formal education Bitzer has received. â€Å"Hard Times† is based on, and shows, Dickens’s view of rejection, to the callous determination of Victorian greed. The audience empathises with Sissy the most as her character seems to be lost and the most fragile. The audience do not empathise with Gradgrind because of his stern and cold nature, which, as Bitzer becomes a model student, causes the audience to empathise with neither of the two characters.

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1468 Words

When eras of horrendous history are forgotten, along with valuable lessons learned from the turmoil, who suffers from the negligent ignorance? The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a compelling play about the undertakings of the Salem Witch Trials. Miller uses creative license to mold history into something literarily symbolic: the Witch Trials taught man no significance; the failure to learn from one s mistakes caused history to repeat itself, the people that initially suffered having gone through their troubles for nothing. Therefore, the subsequent victims embody the consequences of the same unlearned lesson, and the cycle repeats. A product of the 1950s Cold War: a domestic struggle with the anxiety of communism, McCarthyism rooted from Americans suspicion of alien policy, a potential threat to their familiar ideals. The religiously intrinsic Puritans of 17th century colonial New England held firmly to their faith and disapproved of other ways to knowing God s will, much like how Am ericans, dreadful of their government becoming something of the tyrannical enemies of Nazi Germany and communist Russia, held firmly to free will, democracy, and the ways of patriotic government. Thus, fear of foreign ideas that might endanger one s safe and comforting standards puts those accused of such in a bind. To confess to witchcraft in 1692 meant life - and a blotched reputation; to deny, meant death. To confess in the 1950s meant an end to the relentless interrogation - andShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The co mmunist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inun dated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

The Availability Of Play Opportunities For Children During...

Purpose of the Study: To analyze the availability of play opportunities for children in early childhood programs in rural India. Rationale of the Study: The study is being conducted after reading various researches conducted in this field. India is a land of diversities and hence the availability of play and its opportunities are also varied. This study attempts to analyze this diversity at three different setups. Play enhances a child’s development significantly. It serves as a foundation for many aspects, for e.g. peer relationships, group work, problem solving skills, critical thinking, etc. Research Questions of the Study: The following are the questions which will be addressed in this research- 1.Why is outdoor and indoor play†¦show more content†¦(UNESCO) 3.Play: According to Webster s Desk Dictionary of the English Language, the word play has 34 different meanings. In terms of young children and play, the following definitions from Webster s are found to be applicable as well as useful: light, brisk, or changing movement (e.g., to pretend you re a butterfly)to act or imitate the part of a person or character (e.g., to play house) to employ a piece of equipment (e.g., to play blocks) exercise or activity for amusement or recreation (e.g., to play tag) fun or jest, as opposed to seriousness (e.g., to play peek-a-boo or sing a silly song) the action of a game (e.g., to play duck-duck-goose) a recreational activity; spontaneous activities of children 4.Cognitive Development: This is defined as the change or stability in mental abilities, such as reasoning; thinking, memory, creativity, problem solving skills, etc. 5.Socio-Emotional Development: This is defined as the change or stability in emotions, personality and social relationships. (Papalia, 2004) 6.Physical Development: (a) Gross-motor Development- This is defined as the usage of large muscles in our body for activities such as kicking, walking, jumping, hoping, skipping, standing, etc. It comprises of using muscles from our hands and feet and their synchronization. (b) Fine-motor Development- This is defined as the ability or usage of small muscles i.e. fingers for activities such as pinching, folding, holding, writing, etc. It involves synchronization of

Legal Writing Graded Project 2 - Petitioner - 1229 Words

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF SALLY BRIGHT PETITIONER V. MEMORANDUM JOHN BRIGHT RESPONDENT Comes Petitioner, by counsel, and for her Memorandum states as follows: I. FACTS Sally Bright (Petitioner), filed for divorce and custody of 14 year old daughter, Chastity. John Bright (Respondent) also requested custody. The court ordered temporary custody of the minor child to Petitioner and visitation with Respondent every weekend. Petitioner will be moving to another part of the country to take a job. Respondent has realized he is gay and has met a male companion who doesn’t reside with him presently, but someday might. Chastity testified that she feels weird around Respondent’s male companion. Psychologist, Dr.†¦show more content†¦The failure of a parent to comply with the provisions of this section may be considered as a factor if a change of custody is requested by the noncustodial parent. In Reel v. Harrison, 118 Nev. 881; 60 P.3d 480; 2002 Nev., â€Å"First Judicial District Court affirmed the trial court’s determination that  § 125C.200 vi olated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by restricting a custodial parents fundamental right to travel. The trial court also concluded that even if  § 125C.200 was constitutional, the mother was still permitted to relocate the minor child to New Jersey, based on the career and educational opportunities available... and the ability to maintain reasonable visitation with the father†. In McGuinness v. McGuinness, 114 Nev. 1431, 970 P.2d 1074 (1998) the Nevada Supreme Court first applied the relocation standards to a case involving joint physical custody. The Court again emphasized the importance of alternate visitation arrangements, reasoning that physical separation does not necessarily preclude a parent from maintaining significant and substantial involvement in a child’s life, and noting alternate methods of maintaining a meaningful relationship, including telephone calls, e-mail messages, letters, and frequent visitation. Id. at 1436. The Court went on to reverseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Legal Writing Graded Project 2 - Petitioner1280 Words   |  6 PagesBrown v Board of Ed. Topeka Kansas (1954) by Alexes Mercado http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html The 14th Amendment states: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, libertyRead MoreSexual Harassment Awareness And Prevention7457 Words   |  30 PagesWorkplace 22 DUTIES BEFORE AND AFTER A CLAIM 23 How do I stop sexual harassment? 23 1. First, tell the offender to stop! 29 2. Keep documentation 29 3. Review the Company’s policies 29 4. Report the offense 29 EASY ORDER FORM 34 Final Exam Information 34 Final Exam for Sexual Harassment Awareness 36 Course Objectives: In Sexual Harassment Awareness Prevention, we discuss the legal and ethical duties to those with whom you work to promote and provide a workplace free from all forms of harassment. After

The Building Of Brand (Nike) Free Essays

This shoe placed Nikkei on the map, and after it came out, all other brands had to offer similarly shock-absorbent soles. In 1972, Phil Knight (Nines founder and current CEO), was able to convince several marathoners to wear Nikkei shoes during the Olympic trials in Eugene, Oregon, where the company started. Later, Nikkei ran a campaign saying that â€Å"Nines were worn by four of the top seven finishers†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Building Of Brand (Nike) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sponsorship had begun. In October 1 982, Nikkei aired its first three national television ads, during the broadcast of the New York City Marathon. They ran TV commercials cause back then it was so easy to target their audience: most of them would be watching the marathon. There were fewer channels and fewer media outputs. About Nikkei Product Positioning Nikkei was named after the Greek goddess for ‘Victory’. Today, it dominates the global sports footwear market. The company started focusing on making running shoes, but over time they became associated with the athlete subculture, which allowed them to expand into other areas. They learned they had to stay within the athletic category though -they tried selling everyday shoes and it didn’t work out. Currently, it’s the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world, with over 700 stores worldwide, over 40,000 employees and generating more than $21 billion a year in sales. It’s recognized everywhere by their trademark â€Å"swoosh† logo. History Brand Overview Nikkei advertising has become one of the most effective emotional branding examples in the marketing world today. They use the old technique of Heroism to inspire customer loyalty all over the world: the battle is between our lazy side and our healthy side. Our laziness is the villain, and we become the heroes. We all see the hero in ourselves, and therefore this message appeals to everyone on the planet. The brand strategy isn’t to make you think you need Nikkei gear in order to succeed, but that you actually want it because you succeed. The product is downplayed, and the ego of the customer is lifted up. The Product Dream We are all athletes. We are all heroes. We achieve great things. We win, every single battle. Garage Newell talks about a 5-step formula, that he claims is present in every Nikkei commercial, and it shows the hero overcoming great struggles. That’s the promise: you are a winner, that’s why you choose Nikkei. How to cite The Building Of Brand (Nike), Papers

Information Systems Strategy Shipping Organization

Question: Describe about the Information Systems Strategy for Shipping Organization. Answer: Introduction Background of the company The company chosen is a private sector shipping organization which is spread internationally across 23 different countries. It is the second largest company in shipping business in the home country in terms of capacity. It runs out water transportation operators, equipment and handling services. Its shipping and offshore services including tankers, dry bulk carriers, coal transportation facilities, and Oil gas transportation services. These facilities are provided from its base in India while its offshore operations are managed by Singapore. Information Systems in Shipping Industry Information Flow A shipping supply chain involves a considerable number of actors who participate in the process and contribution to information flow such as producers, warehouse managers, freight forwarders, and carriers. All these actors generate different kinds of information that flow between them. If this information can be obtained accurately and on time then it would lead to more efficient business decisions. In order to handle the flow of products, processes, and business, flow of information has to be managed properly. The quality of information, that flows between different stakeholders, in a shipping project need to be good. A communication flows between shipping lines and container operators and with good quality of information, efficiency of the processes involved between them can be improved. Containing Discharging is the key process of maritime shipment which can be analysed to understand the flow of processes such that the information flow can be understood. It begins with vessels having containers inside them that are discharged and goods are loaded on the terminals. A stowage plan is to be prepared which is followed when goods have to be delivered more than one terminals. Traditionally, terminals operators used to depend on phone, emails, and fax for confirmations but now the information is made available seamlessly through Terminal Operating Systems that connects all departments with centralized system. This system helps sharing of information electronically and the system also proposes solutions to resolve problems of issues based on the status of the shipments or the internal rules set by the organization. The information that is received by these TOS systems is actually obtained through different interfaces like electronic data Interchange (EDI). Information Management Key functions of an organization into shipment include technical management, procurement, quality management, safety management, financial management crewing. Business intelligence systems are used by shipping organizations that integrate the information from all these systems and enabling reporting and analysis of the same such that actionable insights can be obtained for taking fast decisions. Many shipping organizations are starting to use centralized systems for managing these operations such as in case of invoicing, a central place can be built where all the invoices coming to the company are received and can be sent to customers from. Electronic approvals are taken from this point which automates the process of payment management. A document management system may be used for recording all invoices and managing them. These systems rout the invoices to different related departments and once payments are realized, they are archived. These records can later be used for the process of auditing. Shipment accounting systems are also used by these organizations so as to manage reporting and analysis of accounting information. Shipment organizations have to follow Sola regulation that defined VGM requirements demanding shipping organizations to have an efficient and accurate information flow. The regulation requires documentation of gross mass of the container that is with the shipper. This can be obtained after packing and sealing of container or before that. In case the mass is measured become container sealing, the weight of the container is added to the final mass figure (IMO, 2014). This is important as while delivering the goods to the respective terminals, weight can tell if the container has desired quantity of goods. The record of the same ahs to be sent to the received before the goods are sent such that upon receiving them, weight can be checked for verification and if there are any discrepancies, appropriate actions can be taken. Information has always been important since the inception of the shipping industry merchant fleets. Lloyd Association was developed for ship-owners and merchants so that they could meet and exchange information which would help them takes decisions about insurance. With expansion of fleets and the worldwide containers, the flow of such information increased to such an extent that manual recording of such information and presentation of the same through personal meetings became a big challenge. These challenges were overcome to a great extent through development of information and communication technologies. In recent years, information technology has developed to a great extent and automation has been achieved in many areas such as invoicing and accounting. For instance, information technology solutions like document management are now capable of doing a three way matching between orders, packing slips, and invoice automatically such that the processing time is greatly reduced and a greater control is achieved on the suppliers behaviour making the accounting process more productive (Lloyd, 2013). Recent Developments There have been developments in the shipping industry that have changed the way cargo consignments were managed and delivered. A trend of containerization emerged which has increased shippers, transactions, and receivers. This increased the flow of information. Moreover, this required that this information is reported and processed fast so that the turnaround time of shop coming on ports can be increased. Security is a major challenge in the area of shipping information management and thus, for enhancing security of the information systems in the maritime industry, system called MARIS has been developed through an initiation by European Union. This system promotes interpretability making EDI also simpler besides enhancing security of systems. For specific industry, specific modules are developed including MARVEL for shipbuilding, MARSAFE for safety, and MARTRANS for transportation. Another project called BOLERO initiated by the Transport Club came up with systems that followed four principles including cross-industry usage, open commercial model, legal infrastructure, and third-party interaction. Shipping Company Information Needs and Data Systems The company has some active players involved in the information flow which is managed between users, sources, and information analysts. The company is majorly taking care of the container transport. Parties to transportation and the container arrangements generate requirement for information mainly due to commercial and legal arrangements between them. Legal and commercial Information needs Legal Aspects: Legal views are governed by contractual and administrative laws. As per the law of contract, there are some obligations that companies have to meet to operate. This includes laws related to parties to contracts and defines their duties and liabilities in case of the damage of the cargo during transportation or at any stage of shipment. These laws also define loading procedures, notifications, fine payment systems and so on. Thus, company is required to incorporate all the information requirements defined in these regulatory laws. All the agreements that are made between different contractors are documented by the company considering statutory requirements such that at the time of conflicts or other complications, these agreements can be revisited to take decisions. For this, the company requires a document management system for recoding all contractual arrangements, regulatory requirement disclosure documents and government approved documents related to shipment. Public administrative laws and duties cover aspects of regulatory provisions and service provisions. Government provides a regulatory framework for the shipping industry that has to be followed by the organization while operating the business. As per this regulatory requirement, a container operator company needs to provide the statistics on operations, document all the business activities, and provide documents for cargo and shipment clearance. These laws also define rules for book keeping and licensing. A major challenge before the company is that it has too much of information to be shared in order to adhere to these regulatory measures. Moreover, the information is required to be correct and accurate as custom procedures and regulations are very sensitive areas of shipping business and can become obstacles to business operations, if the regulatory requirements are not followed. Figure 1: Legal and commercial Information needs Commercial Aspects: Long term planning, forecasting, and other operational functions are a part of the organizations information system. Information is generated by the organization for various kinds of commercial needs such as: Information is required for measuring the performance of the organization. This mainly for financial auditing assistance. All the related commercial information has to be collected and processed such that desired reports can be prepared such that performance of the company can be assessed. The reports that are prepared by the current shipping organization for this purpose include cash flow statements, balance sheets, expense accounts and more. Information is recorded, processed and reported for the purpose of making critical decisions about the company. These decisions could be related to the development of strategy about the use of resources, alignment of the organizational structure, risk identification and management, and development of new systems using new technologies. Some information is generated for supporting day to day operations of the shipping organization. This information is generated every second and thus, is huge which is difficult to manage for the organization. The information is used for taking decisions regarding supply pricing, responding to currency fluctuations, and so on. Data Systems Data systems of the company would have to manage a huge amount of ship and shipment related data and information. This information starts to get generated from the moment a ship is constructed or acquired by the company. The information primarily is used by shipping managers to take appropriate decisions about operations. Major sources of information include ship, office, trading and market. The information that is obtained from each of these sources includes: Ship information: The information about the ship includes data about its performance, costs, supplies, equipments, and voyage information. The company records performance metric about the ships it owns which includes war and tear of equipments, speed, carrying capacity, fuel consumption, maintenance costs, and so on. Costs are majorly incurred in managing fuel and managing labour. These parameters account to 60% of the total cost of running the ship business. The company keeps a record of prices from different suppliers such that decisions can be made on procurement and other expenses such that savings can be achieved. Moreover, the company also maintains the information on the inventory of supplies and various equipments such that company have an idea about what stocks are available on the ship already and thus, can be directly used. The voyage information recorded include ship position, bunker availability, speed, weather information, common routes, accident information, ISM, safet y reports, and other kinds of reports. This information is required to be shared between cargo owners, ship owners, and transporting agents. Office information: Office information includes personnel data, inventory control data, financial data, and quality assurance procedures. The inventory data includes information on containers available, those located on the boards, position of each item, damage related data, and so on. Container status has to be monitored and updated so that shippers can see the position of the ship and can take decisions accordingly. The personnel data includes information about crew agency, officers, their employment background, contact information, social security data and other important data that may be required, for personnel management. Company has implemented quality control systems under which the company follows ISO9002 procedures and International Safety Management (ISM) code. Documentation required by each of these procedures is maintained in the office information. Trading information: A continuous flow of trading information is maintained using information systems for which various kinds of documents may be produced such as bills of lading, booking notes, invoices, notes, and fixtures. Market information: Market information includes data on ship brokers and media and internet. The ship brokers may provide information about market trends as well as market reports are generated from personal communications. Media information includes information obtained from emails, discussion groups, databases and video conferences (Drungilas, 1999). IT Management Strategy The company maintains a MIS system which aims to increase the efficiency of the organization, improve its resource utilization, reduce cost and increase profits. A support system is required to take decisions such that these benefits can actually be achieved. Thus, the company had some defined objectives for the MIS system which included smooth transportation processes, just in time deliveries, and precise delivery time information. The MIS system of the organization is used by the company for managing different kinds of information such as inventory, procurement, accounting, treasury, suppliers, banks, buyers, freight forwarders, gents, insurance, custom, brokers, and more. For recording, accessing, processing and handling this data, different systems are used. The information technology that is used for these operations, by the shipping organization involves three major components used for information management. These include Electronic Data Processing (EDP), exchange of data and information. Electronic Data Processing: EDP is used by the organization to process data using multiple systems such as calculators, microprocessors, and mainframe computers. Over the years, the prices of information technology and hardware has reduced which lead to saving for the company as it adopted the use of normal computers to create powerful systems by connecting them. There are two types of data processing systems that are used by the organization - in-house packages and other software. In-house packages: The shipping company had developed its own system for performing EDP which it calls Import Information System. In recent years, the processing needs were modified as well as structures of information systems were improved such that in addition to mainframe, powerful personal computers and servers were also used for EDP. Such in-house packages are more trusted as they are more secure as well as provide better performance due to customization. It also provides high standards of operations and efficiency that can take care of the guiding principles of the company. Although, they prefer to use internal teams that include IT experts and internally developed data processing systems, yet there are some cost-effective solutions available in the market. One benefit of using internal expert teams is that problems occurring can easily be resolved and even faster. Moreover, the knowledge is already available with this internal people making it easy to explain the requirements and resolve issues. Other Software: The number of software provides have increased in the shipping industry which presents great potential for the market. Off the shelf products are more cost effective to obtain and at the same time. They are also having scalability, speciality, efficiency, and reliability. Moreover, complexities are managed by third parties while company can focus on its own core operations. The methods used for development of these systems are tried and tested across different industries which make the developers update systems frequently making the systems more reliable. The information required for development of systems internally can be limited but the software providers have access to unlimited information about development and thus, managing complexities and updates is easier for them. Electronic Data Interchange: Data exchange within company people can be done using EDI. The company made use of EDI to eliminate the paperwork. Some benefits were achieved by the company such as avoiding of manual errors, data transfer errors, faster processing of invoices, reduction in administrative costs, information management improvement, JIT management, and improvements in the cash flows related to payments. Order control and custom clearance was also made faster using EDI. This was used between customers and suppliers who could talk to each other easily. The customers in the shipping industry are already using EDI system for their supply chain systems and thus, EDI system has become more of a need to remain connected with them and make use of already popular technology. Despite all advantages of the EDI, problems are still faced because of differential standards of these customers or the suppliers of the company that are into the system. Some of the standards used by customers included ANSI X.12 used by American customers, UNGTDI used by European customers, IFTM, Cargo-IMT, and EDIFACT. It was difficult to manage information exchange in presence of so many different systems. Internet: The Company uses two kinds of services using internet including emailing and web based applications. Interactive internet features are used over the web so as to use it for connecting with the world and for performing various operations for managing information in the real time. Emails make the cost of information sharing and reporting very low. Many of the EDI information sharing methods are being replaced by the internet. However, this realised some security issues and thus, the EDI is still used by the company. O the other side, browser based information systems were connected to the internal systems which allowed others to make use of the backend MIS and other applications from the web based interface. Conclusions Recommendations This report was prepared to understand how information is managed in a shipping industry for which case of one of the shipping companies was taken and its information needs were explored. The report also involved the exploration of the information management strategy used by the organization. It was found that the company has been using an MIS system for managing all its operations. Moreover, the information system that was developed by the company consisted of three components including EDP, EDI and internet. EDP systems included microprocessors, calculators, mainframe computers, powerful PCs, and servers. EDI systems were used for building a capability to exchange information between the company, its suppliers and customers. It was found that company had been using specific EDI systems but faced challenges in exchange of information with customers who were belonging to different parts of the world and thus, use different formats for information sharing. Based on the study insights, certain recommendations can be made generally for shipping organizations for devising strategies for information management such as: For enhancing security of systems and allowing interoperability in the EDI systems, company can adopt new systems like MARVEL for shipbuilding, MARSAFE for safety, and MARTRANS for transportation. The company can adopt the BOLERO system for managing its legal needs, commercial information needs and third party transaction. References Drungilas, A., 1999. Information Management for ContainerLines, s.l.: World Maritime University. IMO, 2014. GUIDELINES REGARDING THE VERIFIED GROSS MASS OF A CONTAINER CARRYING CARGO, s.l.: IMO. Lloyd, G., 2013. Best Practice Shipment Management, s.l.: Fraunhofer CML.